“Painting will not tolerate this, it would be against the decorum of the art”
Year mention: 1564
Subject:
Christ ; Martyrdom ; Mysteries ; Passion ; St Blaise ; St James ; St Lawrence ; St Sebastian ; St Stephen
Conflict:
Blood
Capriccio
Decorum
Representation of bodies
Criticism:

Depiction of the Christ and Saints too beautiful; Vanity of the painter

Agent:
Gilio, Giovanni Andrea
Nicolas Beatrizet, Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae Laocoon, 16th century
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, www.metmuseum.org

The participants base their argumentation on the example of the figure of the “Sacrifice of Isaac” which is said to have moved Gregory of Nyssa to tears. A brutal representation of the Passion of Christ is more powerful than a beautiful one because sacred art should evoke emotions (devotion) in the viewer. Furthermore, not only the Passion of Christ should be represented in this way, but also all the martyrdoms of the saints.
M. Troilo is convinced that the artists would not do this because, in their opinion, it would be against the decorum of the art. But the dialogue participant is convinced that the problem lies in the vanity of the artists in wanting to represent their versatility and not in the decorum. The vanity of artists is one of the infinite errors. The participants attribute the problem of vanity to the fact that too few ancient works have survived that could serve as models for contemporary artists.

“M. Troilo replied:’ […] Mysteries and times are distinguished only by giving to each what properly belongs to it. These are the distinctions that a prudent painter must make. If the great scholar Gregory of Nyssa was moved to tears by the figure of Isaac placed ready for sacrifice on the altar, how much more would sectators be moved to remorse seeing the image and form of our Savior nailed to the Cross in a torment of pain, stricken, bloody, deformed; as the Prophet says: «The sorrows of hell compassed me about.» These are the qualities to show to Christians in order to make them grieve and repent and dwell with amazement in contemplation of the degradation, abasement, and humility of the eternal Word, which the heavens could not contain, come to save us; and how, moved by great charity, chose to die a shameful death for those who had attacked him so much. Many times have I discussed this with painters and they with one voice retorted: «Painting will not tolerate this, it would be against the decorum of the art [decoro dell’arte]». […] On that account I see the fault lying more with the vanity of painters than with the rules of painting. I see Saint Stephen stoned with stones; Blaise intact and handsome with his torture instrument, without a trace of blood; James the Apostle without clubs to his head; Sebastian without arrows; (and I see) Lawrence on the gridiron neither burnt nor scorched, but white; (all this) for no other reason than because the art of painting will not tolerate (anything else), and in order that muscles and veins can be shown. Oh what pointless vanity, what infinite error, to give greater value to that which serves no purpose than to that which gives the figure their essential nature and perfection and which alone deserves to be seen and contemplated; all on the pretext that painting does not require it!’
M. Silvio added: ‘If the ancient paintings were found, many more secrets of the art would be seen than are known today; but from their statues, we can draw clear proof of the skill of the ancient painters and sculptors. Each of you can have seen this in many sculptures in Rome and especially the Belvedere Laocoon. (Laocoon), along with his sons, seems to express the pain, suffering, and torment he experienced in being strangled by snakes. Certainly it would be something new and admirable to see a Christ on the cross dramatically altered in appearance by wounds, spitting, taunts, and blood; Saint Blaise lacerated and gouged with carding combs; Sebastian so full of arrows as to resemble a porcupine; Lawrence burnt, scorched, and split open on the gridiron, torn and deformed. It would not be so difficult to show such essential aspects, if one thinks that Apelles tried to represent the most difficult things, never attempted by anyone else, like dazzling light, thunderclaps, lightning, snow, hail, rain, and other such things’.” 

“Rispose M. Troilo: ‘[…] Non per altro sono distinti i misteri et i tempi, se non che a ciascuno si renda il suo proprio. Queste sono le distinzioni che far deve il prudente pittore: perché, se moveva la ben fatta figura d’Isaac, posto su l’altare per esser sacrificato, il gran dotto Gregorio Nisseo a lagrimare, quanto maggiormente moverebbe a compunzione i riguardanti l’imagine e figura del Salvator nostro su la croce trafitto, addolorato, tormentato, appassionato, sanguinoso, difformato, dicendo il Profeta: «Perché i dolori dell’inferno m’hanno circondato?».Queste sono le qualità da mostrarsi ai Cristiani, acciò s’abbino a dolere et a compungere, et a fermarsi con maraviglia a contemplare la bassezza, l’esinanizione e l’umiltà ne la quale venne, per noi salvare, quello eterno Verbo che i cieli nol capevano; e poi, mosso da la gran carità, volle per chi tanto l’offese obbrobriosamente morire. Molte volte ho di questo ragionato con pittori; i quali tutti per una bocca m’hanno risposto: «Nol comporta la pittura, sarebbe contra il decoro de l’arte». Oh vanità de l’uomo, in far vano quello che è vero e proprio e principale, per dar luogo a le finzioni che non pesano una paglia. Se l’arte è scimia de la natura, perché non deve in questo imitarla? Se ella va dimostrando i scappucci e gli scherzi suoi nel fare un zoppo, uno stroppio, un cieco, perché non deve far anco il pittore questo mistero come esser deve? Però io fo maggior la vanità di questi tali, che le regole de la pittura. Veggo Stefano lapidato senza pietre; Biagio intiero e bello ne l’eculeo, senza sangue; Giacopo Apostolo senza pertiche in capo; Sebastiano senza frezze; Lorenzo ne la graticola non arso et incotto, ma bianco: non per altro, che l’arte nol comporta, e per mostrare i muscoli e le vene. Oh vanità vana, oh errore senza fine, stimar più quello che nulla opera, che quello che dà la forma e la perfezzione a le figure e che solo merita esser veduto e contemplato, con pretesto che la pittura nol richiede!’.
Soggiunse M. Silvio: ‘Se si trovassero l’antiche pitture, molti secreti di più si vederebbono ne l’arte, che non si veg gono ora; ma da le statue chiaro argomento cavar potiamo de la perizia degli antichi pittori e scultori, il che ciascuno di voi può aver veduto in Roma in molte statue e
spezialmente nel Laocoonte di Belvedere, il quale par che con suoi figliuoli dimostri, così annodato dai serpenti, l’angustia, il dolore et il tormento che sentiva in quel’atto. Certo sarebbe cosa nova e bella vedere un Cristo in croce per le piaghe. per i sputi, per i scherni e per il sangue trasformato; San Biagio dai pettini lacero e scarnato; Sebastiano pieno di frezze rassimigliare un estrice; Lorenzo ne la graticola, arso, incotto, crepato, lacero e difformato. Non sarebbe così difficile a mostrare le parti tanto sostanziali, quando uno considererà che Apelle tentò mostrare cose difficilissime e non più da altri tentate, come i fulgori, i tuoni, i baleni, le nevi, le grandini, le pioggie et altre cose tali’.”

Quoted Authorities

Horace, Ars poetica
Psalms 17:5
Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia
Laocoon
Apelles

Model to follow

Laocoon
Apelles

Keywords
| decoro dell'arte, | St Blaise, | St James, | St Lawrence, | St Sebastian, | St Stephen, Apelles, Laocoon, Passion, vanity

Terminology
decoro dell'arte
Date mention
1564

Historical Location
Fabriano

Iconclass Number
73D; 73F356; 11H(BLAISE)6; 11H(JAMES THE GREAT)6;11H(SEBASTIAN)6;

Source
Gilio, Dialogue on the errors and abuses of painters (2018), 136-137; Gilio, Dialogo. Nel quale si ragiona degli errori e degli abusi de’pittori circa l’istorie. In: Due dialogi di M. Giouanni Andrea Gilio da Fabriano (1564), 41-42
Literature

Gilio 2018, 136-137, n.152-156

Permanent Link
https://www.sacrima.eu/case/painting-will-not-tolerate-this-it-would-be-against-the-decorum-of-the-art/