The crucifixion
Year mention: 1564
Subject:
Crucifixion ; Helena ; Nails ; Placement of the crosses ; Thieves
Conflict:
Nails
Not corresponding to Scriptures
Untruthfulness/Not probable/Not corresponding to history
Criticism:

Incorrect representation of the thieves with ropes instead of nails

Agent:
Gilio, Giovanni Andrea
REFERENCE IMAGE: Master of the Saint Lambrecht Votive Altarpiece, Crucifixion, around 1435
© Schloss Belvedere, Wien, https://sammlung.belvedere.at/objects/3657/kreuzigung-christi?ctx=b1d88f863d8a93b262feaeea8f38886d35e580fd&idx=0#

In the course of the passage, the participants discuss elements of the crucifixion. On the one hand, M. Troilo criticises the fact that in some depictions the thieves are bound with ropes instead of nails in order to distinguish them from Christ. In his argumentation, he refers to the story of Saint Helen and the recovery of the Titulus Crucis. In a second aspect, M. Ruggiero addresses the report of the brother Antonios, who is said to have travelled to Calvary and tried to shed light on the correct way of placing the crosses with his investigations. However, this argumentation is rejected.

“M. Troilo said: ‘Indeed, you have to believe that today the abuses of the painters are infinite in number. But I don’t propose to speak about all of them because it would be too great a task. I will tell you, however, about many that have been little notice but which are of greater importance than some realize. So among other abuses there are those concerning the two thieves who were crucified with our Lord, who are painted as if crucified in a different way from our Lord: not fixed with nails as they actually were, but tied with ropes. The extend to which this is a mistake is witnessed by church history, in which one reads that Helena, having ducked up the three crosses from under the ground, would not have had the least sign by which to identify which was our Lords and which those of the thieves, miracle of the moribund woman healed by the true Cross had not presented the clear proof’.
M. Francesco interrupted, saying: ‘You have reminded me by what you said of something that I have until now regarded as uncertain. However, digressing a little, do explain it to me’. ‘What is it?’ said M. Vincenzo. ‘In Jerusalem’ responded M. Ruggiero. ‘Have I not heard our Reverent Father Brother Antonio recount that on Calvary, in the precise place where the crosses stood, Helena built a church in which either she or someone else then built three small chapels, not far from one another? An observant Franciscan Friar in Osimo, a city in the March of Ancona, show the measurements to the Archbishop of Siena, who was returning from Loreto, and, according to those measurements, the chapels were so close that it was possible for the crosses to have stood in a row, but instead those of the thieves would have had to be lower, or turn sideways’.
‘I can prove that this distance cannot be known, on the following grounds. After the fall of Jerusalem, did pagans build a temple of Venus on mount Calvary, and this too was then destroyed by order of Constantine the Great. Among the ruins, to pagans then set the statue of Venus, which was smashed when Helena arrived in Jerusalem, and when she wished to find the cross she found the whole place full of briars and thorns, and so overgrown that it was impossible to say where the crosses had been, or even where they might have been, at the time of the Passion. All three crosses were then found in the same ditch, with three nails and the Titulus Crucis, all of which gave no clue as to which had been Christ’s, or which the thieves’, if the miracle had not indicated them, as I said. Therefore, if the place or the distance were not revealed by God, I cannot imagine how it would be possible to guess it among those ruins, given that the memory of the place and the crosses had been lost for so many centuries’.
M. Vincenso said: ‘Those are very good arguments, and we must believe that the great God – given that there is nothing to contradict (the idea)- revealed it himself, so that such a great mystery should not remain hidden’.” 

“Disse M. Troilo: ‘Credete pur che infiniti sieno oggi gli abusi dei pittori. Ma io non mi offero a dirli tutti, che troppo gran fatica vorrebbono; ma ve ne dirò dimolti che non se ne fa conto, e sono d’importanza più ch’altri non pensa. Tra gli altri dunque sono quelli dei ladroni che furono col nostro Signore crocifissi, i quali si dipingono in altro modo crocifissi che il Signor nostro non fu: non confitti con chiodi, come veramente furono, ma ligati con funi. Il che quanto sia abbaglio o errore l’ecclesiastica istoria ne fa fede, ne la quale si legge che Elena, avendo di sotterra cavate le tre croci, non si conosceva ad un minimo segno, qual del nostro Signore e qual de’ ladri si fusse, se il miracolo de la quasi morta donna, che fu da la vera croce risanata, non n’avesse fatto chiarissimo argomento’.
Interroppe il parlare M. Francesco, dicendo: ‘Voi mi fate ricordare con questo dire una cosa che fin qui ho per dubbiosa auta. Però, facendo un poco di digresso, dichiaratemela’.’Quale è?’, disse M. Vincenso.’In che modo, sequitò M. Francesco, si può in Gierusalemme sapere quanta distanza fusse da una croce all’altra?’.
‘Penso, disse M. Troilo, che ciò saper non si possa veramente’. ‘Come?, rispose M. Ruggiero. ‘Non ho io sentito raccontare al nostro R. P. frate Antonio che nel monte Calvario, nel proprio luogo ove furono le croci, da Elena fabricata una chiesa vi fu, ne la quale o da lei o da altri poi fabricate vi furono tre capellette poco distante l’una da l’altra, come già in Osimo, città de la Marca, mostrò un frate zoccolante a l’arcivescovo di Siena tornando da Loreto, et a la misura che esso mostrava erano tanto strette, che non fu possibile a starvi le croci schierate, ma bisognava che quelle de’ ladri stessero più basse o per fianco?’.
‘Questa distanza, che non si possa sapere, io lo provo per questa ragione. Nel monte Calvario dopo’ le ruine di Gierusalemme i pagani vi edificarono il tempio di Venere, il quale per commissione del gran Costantino fu poi sfasciato. Tra quelle ruine poi i pagani vi posero la statua di Venere, la quale fu mandata in pezzi quando Elena andò in Gierusalemme, e volendo cercar la croce trovò il luogo tutto pieno di roghi e di spine, e tanto salvatico che non si sapeva il luogo ove le croci fussero, né meno dove fussero state al tempo de la passione. Le croci poi furono trovate tutte e tre in una istessa fossa, coi tre chiodi e col titolo de la croce, le qual cose non davano indizio alcuno qual si fusse quella del Signore, né quella de’ ladri, se l’miracolo non l’avesse egli dechiarato, come ho detto. Se dunque non fu il luogo né la distanza rivellata da Dio, non so imaginare come possibil fusse a indovinarla tra quelle ruine, essendosi per tante centinaia d’anni perduta la memoria del luogo e de le croci’.
Disse M. Vincenso: ‘Sono assai buone ragioni, e creder deggiamo che il grande Iddio, quando altro in contrario non vi sia, l’abbia esso rivellato, acciò tanto mistero non rimanesse occulto’.”

Quoted Authorities

Rufinus of Aquileia, Historia Eccesiastica
Jacobus de Voragine,Golden Legend

Model to follow

Rufinus of Aquileia, Historia Eccesiastica

Keywords
Crucifixion, Nails, ropes, thieves

Date mention
1564

Historical Location
Fabriano

Iconclass Number
73D5;73D6;

Source
Gilio, Dialogue on the errors and abuses of painters (2018), 121-123; Gilio, Dialogo. Nel quale si ragiona degli errori e degli abusi de’pittori circa l’istorie. In: Due dialogi di M. Giouanni Andrea Gilio da Fabriano (1564), 30-31
Literature

Gilio 2018, 121-123, n.104-107;

Permanent Link
https://www.sacrima.eu/case/the-crucifixion/