In book 2, chapter 19, Molanus discusses how one should deal with artworks depicting matters from unestablished textual traditions. Foremost is that no false stories are depicted, but in the case of artworks based on uncertain stories, propriety and probability should prevail in the judgement and above all the common opinion of the whole Church.
The first example of such an iconographic tradition surrounded by uncertainty in the Scriptures is the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary. The main point of discussion is whether she was sitting or kneeling in meditation at the moment the archangel Gabriel visited her. Confirmed by the pictorial tradition, Molanus argues it was most probable she was on her knees meditating, this is also in agreement with other stories from the Scriptures of people being immersed in God at the moment they were visited by an angel.
“For example, in the story of the Incarnation of the Lord, the Evangelists do not show what the Blessed Virgin was doing when the archangel Gabriel entered and greeted her. Was she standing or sitting or kneeling in meditation? When painting the story, it is necessary to complete it with one of these elements, and what is found to have the greatest probability is received by the unanimous agreement of the painters and the approval of the others. Now, what is probable is that the Blessed Virgin, at that moment, was on her knees meditating on our Redemption. Indeed, if Gabriel announced to Daniel, the man of predilections, the day of the birth of Christ, and if in the same way, this day was announced to the priest Zechariah, the precursor of the Messiah, while both were immersed in prayer, should we not consider that, when Gabriel came to the Virgin, she was immersed in God?”
“Exempli gratia. In historia incarnationis Dominicae, Evangelia non exprimunt quid egerit beatissima Virgo cum Archangelus Gabriel intraret, eam salutans, steteritne ansederit, an vero flexis genibus meditationibus fuerit intenta. Quia vero aliquid horum dum historia pingitur necessario est superaddendum, communi quodam pictorum consensu et aliorum approbatione receptum est id quod maximam habet probabilitatem. Probabile vero ist, quod flexis genibus superbenedicta Virgo eo tempore se occupaverit in redemptionis nostrae meditatione. Si enim nec Danieli viro desideriorum tempus natalis Christi nuntiatur à Gabriele, nec Zachariae sacerdoti praecursot Messiae, nisi intensissime orantibus: an ne existimandum est Gabrielem ad hanc verginem venisse Deo non intentam?”
Molanus 1996, 175-176.; Jean-Claude Schmitt, La Raison des gestes, Paris: Gallimard,1991, 295.